diff --git a/changelog.d/15024.bugfix b/changelog.d/15024.bugfix
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dddd406322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/15024.bugfix
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix bug where retried replication requests would return a failure. Introduced in v1.76.0.
diff --git a/synapse/replication/http/_base.py b/synapse/replication/http/_base.py
index 908f3f1db7..c20d9c7e9d 100644
--- a/synapse/replication/http/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/http/_base.py
@@ -426,6 +426,8 @@ class ReplicationEndpoint(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
             code, response = await self.response_cache.wrap(
                 txn_id, self._handle_request, request, content, **kwargs
             )
+            # Take a copy so we don't mutate things in the cache.
+            response = dict(response)
         else:
             # The `@cancellable` decorator may be applied to `_handle_request`. But we
             # told `HttpServer.register_paths` that our handler is `_check_auth_and_handle`,